AI.
Outside the U.S., few countries use systems that closely match the BMD model (electronic interface printing a paper ballot for separate tabulation). Most rely on:Hand-marked paper ballots (the global norm in over 200 countries/territories).
True QR code-based tabulation of voter selections on paper ballots is rare or not standard outside the U.S.
Most countries use:Hand-marked paper ballots scanned optically (without QR codes encoding votes).
Direct Recording Electronic (DRE) machines (e.g., Brazil, India — with VVPAT paper trails, but not QR-encoded for tabulation).
Optical scanners for hand-marked ballots (e.g., Philippines, Indonesia experiments).
Isolated mentions or debates:Thailand — Recent controversies (around 2025–2026) over barcodes/QR codes on ballots, but officials clarified they are for verification, fraud prevention, batch tracking, or administrative purposes—not for encoding or tabulating votes. Thai law mandates secret ballots without such traceability.
Venezuela — In the 2024 election, opposition groups used QR codes on printed tally sheets (actas) to independently verify and tally results from polling places, but this was not part of official tabulation (which uses touchscreen DRE machines).
No widespread adoption in other democracies (e.g., Germany, Canada, Australia, Switzerland, New Zealand) for tabulating votes via QR codes on ballots.
Some experimental or conceptual systems (e.g., research prototypes or limited pilots) mention QR codes, but they are not in routine national use.
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